DADA takes responsibility for the limited water-resources on our
planet and is starting to continuously monitor the quality of the water in selected areas
where there is industrial activity with potential polluting outlet.Water is a global resource for all life. Our obligations
to coming generations is not to make this planet useless for living for man or animals.
The consequence of this attitude is to take control of
pollutants, one of the most dangerous is heavy metals with serious effects on all
life.
According to the Blacksmith Institute are 4 of the 10 most polluted areas in the world
polluted with heavy metals. http://www.worstpolluted.org/
Continuously
monitoring of heavy metals in the Oslofjord
This is an example of monitoring of lead in the Oslofjord.
Indicated by lines is classification levels of pollution
from the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT).
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monitoring
Heavy metals are a natural and necessary part of the
biological system. In concentrations over certain limits, however, the heavy metals are
toxic to organisms. Heavy metals commonly monitored are
lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and chromium
(Cr), because of pollution from industry or other sources. Most
of these metals accumulate in organisms and in the food chain, and their toxicity is both
acute and chronic. Low concentrations in seawater of cadmium for instance are sufficient
to give chronic effects in organisms and ecosystems. In unpolluted seawater several of the
heavy metals occur in concentrations less than 0.5 µg/l. Consequently, methods used in
monitoring systems have to be accurate and be able to detect heavy metals in low
concentrations
Heavy metals accumulate in the food chain and top-level
predators such as polar bear and seals may be exposed to very high levels of pollution.
The levels of mercury and cadmium registered in some sea-birds and mammals are high enough
to be injurious to health if they are eaten by people or animals. High levels of hazardous
chemicals have been registered at a number of localities along the Norwegian coast. The
health authorities have introduced restrictions on sale or advised people not to eat
shellfish and liver from fish from these areas.
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Best way of be capable of giving early warning of
increased concentrations is to be able to follow the natural variations. Heavy metals are
present in seawater at very low concentrations, together with very high concentrations of
various salts. Heavy metals are a natural and needed part of biological systems, but only
up to limited concentrations. An increasing part of the worlds coastal waters see raised
concentrations of heavy metals, many places above the toxic threshold. The main
problem about these man-made pollutants is that they are not broken down and hence, the
heavy metals are concentrated in the food chain. All measurements of heavy metal
concentrations are up to now based on mean values for a period of time or a
"snap-shot" of the situation. In either case the samples has to be analysed in a
laboratory afterwards and has not the possibility of giving an early warning in case of
environmental monitoring and do not provide time series being representative for the
natural fluctuations of the trace metal concentrations. The new monitoring technology
gives an automatic self-maintaining system for continuous in-situ measurements and
calculating of heavy metal concentrations in seawater with possibility of early warning.
Increased values of heavy metals will be discovered immediately and not by chance after a
catastrophe, as is the present situation.
Measurements in Bjørvika , Oslo harbour in 2001
Before and after disturbing the bottom twice with a 2kg weight. Measured 1m above
bottom.
silkroadonline globalofficial v1 315 legend 8 zip silkroadonline globalofficial v1 321 free silkroad perfection online download silkroad v1 334 download silkroad_v188 silkroad_v1_304_full_clientzip silkroad v133 Groundwater
Pollution
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therefore first implemented in fjord and lakes. Next step is
monitoring of groundwater since one third of all drinking water relies on groundwater.
Facts and Findings Excerpted
from State of the World 2001 , Groundwater Pollution :
| "Toxic chemicals are
contaminating groundwater on every inhabited continent, endangering the world's most
valuable supplies of freshwater, reports a study from the Worldwatch Institute. This
survey shows that a toxic brew of pesticides, nitrogen fertilisers, industrial chemicals,
and heavy metals is fouling groundwater everywhere, and that the damage is often worst in
the very places where people most need water. In the next 50 years, an additional 3 billion people are expected
to inhabit the Earth, creating even more demand for water for drinking, irrigation, and
industry. But we're polluting our cheapest and most easily accessible supply of water.
Most groundwater is still pristine, but unless we take immediate action, clean groundwater
will not be there when we need it." Groundwater is an essential resource for
sustaining civilisation. Some 97 percent of the planet's liquid freshwater is stored in
underground aquifers. Nearly one third of all humanity relies almost exclusively on
groundwater for drinking. Almost 99 percent of the rural U.S. population, and 80 percent
of India's villagers, depend on groundwater for drinking.
Groundwater irrigates some of the world's most
productive cropland. Irrigation already accounts for about two thirds of water use
world-wide. As rivers and lakes are dammed, dried up, or polluted, and as food demand
grows in the next 50 years, farmers will become increasingly dependent on groundwater for
irrigation.
Groundwater also plays a key ecological role by
replenishing rivers, streams, and wetlands. It provides much of the flow for the
Mississippi, the Niger, the Yangtze, and many other great rivers-some of which would
otherwise not run year-round.
Water recycles extremely slowly underground, too
slowly to flush out or dilute toxic chemicals. Water that enters an aquifer remains there
for an average of 1,400 years, compared to only 16 days for rivers. Thus Londoners, for
example, may be drinking water that fell as rain as long ago as the last Ice Age.
The urgency of preventing groundwater contamination is
highlighted by the costs of cleanup efforts. According to the U.S. National Research
Council, initial cleanup of contaminated groundwater at some 300,000 sites in the United
States could cost up to $1 trillion over the next 30 years. "
RELATED
INFORMATION: Trouble Beneath our Feet: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1684
|
Offshore activity
The increase in production water in the Northern sea with
large volumes and without restrictions on monitoring heavy metals gives an uncontrolled
pollution of this area with huge and important fishing resources. The
effect on the water has not been explored. DADA has suggested to monitor the water from
the offshore installation and in locations 2 km from each
installation continuously.
Web
links for more information:
Blacksmith instiute http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/
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1372: Forskrift om vannforsyning og drikkevann (Drikkevannsforskriften). http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/sf/sf/sf-20011204-1372.html
Concentration levels: http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/sf/sf/sf-20011204-1372.html#map006
SFT Klassifisering av miljøkvalitet i
fjorder og kystfarvann: http://sft.no/miljoreferanse____35318.aspx
SFT Klassifisering
av miljøkvalitet i ferskvann : http://www.sft.no/miljoreferanse____35319.aspx
Worldwatch website www.worldwatch.org
OSPAR Oslo Paris Convention http://www.ospar.org/eng/html/welcome.html
OSPAR Discharges: http://www.ospar.org/content/content.asp?menu=00120000000059_000000_000000
Report to UNEP from marine
scientists Protecting
the Oceans from Land-based Activities
|
Instrument
measuring at 2m below
